Ngokwenyani, isixhobo somatshini sisixhobo somatshini wokukhokela umendo wesixhobo - hayi ngokuthe ngqo, isikhokelo sencwadi, njengezixhobo zezandla kwaye phantse zonke izixhobo zabantu, de abantu baqulunqe isixhobo somatshini.
Ulawulo lwamanani (NC) lubhekisa kusetyenziso lwengqiqo ecwangcisiweyo (idatha ngohlobo lweeleta, amanani, iisimboli, amagama okanye indibaniselwano) ukulawula ngokuzenzekelayo izixhobo zomatshini. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele, izixhobo zokusebenza zazihlala zilawulwa ngabaqhubi bezandla.
Ulawulo lwamanani ekhompyutheni (i-CNC) ibhekisela ekuthumeleni imiyalelo ekhowudiweyo ngokuchanekileyo kwi-microprocessor kwinkqubo yokulawula isixhobo somatshini, ukwenzela ukuba kuphuculwe ukuchaneka kunye nokuhambelana. I-CNC abantu abathetha ngayo namhlanje phantse zonke zibhekisa koomatshini bokungqusha abaqhagamshelwe kwiikhompyuter. Ukuthetha ngobuchwephesha, inokusetyenziswa ukuchaza nawuphi na umatshini olawulwa yikhompyuter.
Kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, izinto ezininzi eziqanjiweyo ziye zabeka isiseko sophuhliso lwezixhobo zoomatshini be-CNC. Apha, sijonga izinto ezine ezisisiseko zokuphuhliswa kobuchwephesha bolawulo lwamanani: izixhobo zoomatshini bokuqala, amakhadi e-punch, iindlela ze-servo kunye nezixhobo zokucwangcisa ezizenzekelayo (APT) ulwimi lweprogram.
Izixhobo zoomatshini bokuqala
Ngexesha loguquko lwesibini lwezoshishino eBritani, uJames Watt wanconywa ngokudala i-injini yomphunga eyenza uguquko lwezoshishino, kodwa wadibana nobunzima ekuveliseni ukuchaneka kweesilinda ze-injini yomphunga de kwangowe-1775, uJohn Johnwilkinson wadala into eyaziwa ngokuba sisixhobo somatshini sokuqala emhlabeni. kuba edikayo iisilinda injini umphunga kwaye yasonjululwa. Lo matshini ukruqulayo ukwayilwe nguWilkinson ngokusekwe kwinkanunu yakhe yoqobo;
Ikhadi lenqindi
Ngowe-1725, uBasile bouchon, umsebenzi wamalaphu ongumFrentshi, wayila indlela yokulawula izixhobo ezilukiweyo ngokusebenzisa idatha eneekhowudi kwiiteyiphu zamaphepha ngothotho lwemingxuma. Nangona i-groundbreaking, ukungahambi kakuhle kwale ndlela kuyabonakala, oko kukuthi, kusafuna abaqhubi. Ngomnyaka we-1805, uJoseph Marie jacquard wamkela le ngcamango, kodwa yomelezwa kwaye yenziwe lula ngokusebenzisa amakhadi amanqindi anamandla ahlelwe ngokulandelelana, ngaloo ndlela ezenzekelayo inkqubo. La makhadi athotywayo athathwa ngokubanzi njengesiseko sekhompuyutha yanamhlanje kwaye aphawula ukuphela koshishino lwezandla zasekhaya ekulukeni.
Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, iintambo zokuluka i<em>jacquard zaxhathiswa ngabaluki besilika ngelo xesha, ababenexhala lokuba olu matshini lwaluza kubahlutha imisebenzi nendlela yokuziphilisa. Bazitshisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo izixhobo zokuluka ezenziwe ngemveliso; Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhathisa kwabo kwabonakala kulilize, kuba ishishini laziqonda iingenelo zokulukwa kwee-automatic. Ngo-1812, i-11000 jacquard looms yayisetyenziswa eFransi.
Amakhadi aphuhliweyo aphuhliswe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1800 kwaye afumana ukusetyenziswa okuninzi, ukusuka kwitelegraph ukuya kwipiyano ezenzekelayo. Nangona ulawulo loomatshini lwagqitywa ngamakhadi okuqala, umqambi waseMelika uHerman Hollerith wenza i-electromechanical punch card tabulator, eyatshintsha imithetho yomdlalo. Inkqubo yakhe yayinelungelo elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1889, xa wayesebenzela i-US Census Bureau.
U-Herman Hollerith waseka inkampani ye-tabulator kwi-1896 kwaye idibaniswe nezinye iinkampani ezine ukuseka i-IBM ngo-1924. Kwisiqingatha sesibini sekhulu lama-20, amakhadi afakwe ngenqindi asetyenziswa okokuqala ekufakeni idatha kunye nokugcinwa kweekhomputha kunye noomatshini bokulawula amanani. Ifomathi yoqobo inemiqolo emihlanu yemingxuma, ngelixa iinguqulelo ezilandelayo zinemiqolo emithandathu, esixhenxe, esibhozo okanye ngaphezulu.
Servo indlela
Umatshini weServo sisixhobo esizenzekelayo, esisebenzisa impendulo yempazamo ukulungisa ukusebenza komatshini okanye umatshini. Kwezinye iimeko, i-servo ivumela izixhobo eziphezulu zamandla ukuba zilawulwe zizixhobo ezinamandla aphantsi kakhulu. Umatshini we-servo uqulunqwe isixhobo esilawulwayo, esinye isixhobo esinika imiyalelo, isixhobo sokubona impazamo, i-amplifier yempazamo kunye nesixhobo (i-servo motor) elungisa iimpazamo. Iinkqubo ze-Servo zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulawula izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nesikhundla kunye nesantya, kwaye ezona zixhaphakileyo ngumbane, i-pneumatic okanye i-hydraulic.
Indlela yokuqala yombane ye-servo yasekwa yikhalenda ye-H. eBritani ngo-1896. Ngo-1940, i-MIT yenza i-laboratory ekhethekileyo ye-servo, eyavela kwingqwalasela eyandayo yeSebe lobunjineli bombane kwesi sihloko. Kwi-CNC machining, inkqubo ye-servo ibaluleke kakhulu ukufezekisa ukuchaneka kokunyamezela okufunwa yinkqubo yokwenza ngokuzenzekelayo.
Isixhobo senkqubo esizenzekelayo (APT)
Isixhobo senkqubo esizenzekelayo (APT) sazalelwa kwi-servo mechanism Laboratory yaseMassachusetts Institute of technology ngo-1956. Kuyimpumelelo yokudala yeqela lesicelo sekhompyutha. Lulwimi lwenkqubo olulula ukulusebenzisa, olusetyenziswa ngokukodwa ukuvelisa imiyalelo yezixhobo zoomatshini be-CNC. Uguqulelo lwangaphambili lwalungaphambili kune-FORTRAN, kodwa iinguqulelo zamva zabhalwa kwakhona kunye neFortran.
I-Apt lulwimi oludalwe ukusebenza kunye nomatshini wokuqala we-MIT we-NC, ongumatshini wokuqala we-NC wehlabathi. Emva koko yaqhubeka iba ngumgangatho wenkqubo yesixhobo somatshini olawulwa yikhompyuter, kwaye yayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Kamva, uphuhliso lwe-apt lwaxhaswa ngumkhosi womoya kwaye ekugqibeleni lwavulelwa icandelo labemi.
UDouglas T. Ross, intloko yeqela lesicelo sekhompyutha, waziwa ngokuba nguyise we-apt. Kamva waqamba igama elithi “uyilo oluncediswa yikhompyutha” (CAD).
Ukuzalwa kolawulo lwamanani
Ngaphambi kokuvela kwezixhobo zoomatshini be-CNC, okokuqala kukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zoomatshini be-CNC kunye nezixhobo zokuqala ze-CNC. Nangona kukho ukungafani kwiinkcazo ezahlukeneyo zeenkcukacha zembali, isixhobo sokuqala somatshini we-CNC asiyiyo kuphela impendulo kwimingeni ethile yokuvelisa ejongene nomkhosi, kodwa kunye nophuhliso lwendalo lwenkqubo yekhadi le-punch.
"Ulawulo lwedijithali luphawula ukuqala kwenguqu yesibini yezoshishino kunye nokufika kwexesha lezenzululwazi apho ulawulo loomatshini kunye neenkqubo zemizi-mveliso ziya kutshintsha ukusuka kwidrafti engachanekanga ukuya kwezo zichanekileyo." – Umbutho weenjineli zemveliso.
Umqambi waseMelika uJohn T. Parsons (1913 - 2007) uthathwa ngokubanzi njengoyise wolawulo lwamanani. Wakhulelwa waza wasebenzisa iteknoloji yolawulo lwamanani ngoncedo lwenjineli yenqwelo-moya uFrank L. stulen. Njengonyana womvelisi eMichigan, uParsons waqala ukusebenza njengomhlanganisi kumzi-mveliso kayise eneminyaka eyi-14. Kamva, wayeneqela lezityalo zokuvelisa phantsi kweshishini losapho iParsons.
I-Parsons ine-patent yokuqala ye-NC kwaye yakhethwa kwi-National Inventors Hall of Fame ngomsebenzi wayo wobuvulindlela kwicandelo lolawulo lwamanani. UParsons unamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza ali-15, kwaye amanye angama-35 anikezelwe kwishishini lakhe. Umbutho weenjineli zemveliso udliwano-ndlebe noParsons ngo-2001 ukuze wonke umntu azi ibali lakhe ngokwembono yakhe.
Ishedyuli yokuqala ye-NC
1942:U-john T. Parsons wayekhontrakthi ephantsi yiSikorsky Aircraft ukuze yenze ii-rotor blades zenqwelo-ntaka.
1944:ngenxa yesiphene soyilo lomqadi wephiko, enye yeencakuba zokuqala ezili-18 abazenzileyo aziphumelelanga, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekufeni komqhubi. Ingcamango kaParsons kukubethelela i-rotor blade ngentsimbi ukuyenza yomelele kwaye ithathe indawo yeglue kunye nezikrufu zokuqinisa indibano.
1946:abantu babefuna ukwenza isixhobo sokuvelisa ukuvelisa ngokuchanekileyo iiblade, okwakungumngeni omkhulu nonzima kwiimeko ngelo xesha. Ngoko ke, uParsons waqesha injineli yenqwelo-moya uFrank stulen waza waseka iqela lobunjineli nabanye abantu abathathu. U-Stulen wacinga ukusebenzisa amakhadi e-IBM e-punch ukumisela inqanaba loxinzelelo kwi-blade, kwaye baqesha oomatshini be-IBM abasixhenxe kwiprojekthi.
Ngomnyaka we-1948, injongo yokutshintsha ngokulula ukulandelelana kwentshukumo yezixhobo zoomatshini ezizenzekelayo yaphunyezwa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili - xa kuthelekiswa nokubeka nje ulandelelwano lwentshukumo olusisigxina - kwaye lwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: ulawulo lomkhondo kunye nolawulo lwedijithali. Njengoko sinokubona, owokuqala kufuneka enze imodeli ebonakalayo yento (okanye ubuncinane umzobo opheleleyo, njengeCincinnati cable tracer hydropower phone). Okwesibini akuyikugqibezela umfanekiso wento okanye inxalenye, kodwa ukuyikhupha kuphela: iimodeli zemathematika kunye nemiyalelo yomatshini.
1949:Umkhosi womoya wase-US udinga uncedo lwe-ultra precision wing structure. UParsons wathengisa umatshini wakhe we-CNC kwaye waphumelela ikontrakthi exabisa i-200000 yeedola ukwenza ukuba ibe yinyani.
1949:Parsons kunye stulen baye basebenza kunye Snyder machine & isixhobo Corp. ukuphuhlisa oomatshini kwaye baqonda ukuba kufuneka servo motors ukwenza oomatshini ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo. Parsons subcontracted inkqubo servo of "umatshini ikhadi-a-matic lokusila" ukuya servo mechanism Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of technology.
Ngo-1952 (kungenzeka): AbakwaParsons bafaka isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza "yesixhobo sokulawula imoto sokubeka izixhobo zoomatshini". Wanikezela ipatent ngo-1958.
1952 (Agasti):ekuphenduleni, iMIT ifake isicelo selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza "yenkqubo ye-servo yolawulo lwamanani".
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-US Air Force yatyikitya iikhontrakthi ezininzi kunye ne-Parsons ukuqhubela phambili ukuphuhlisa i-NC machining innovation eyenziwe ngumseki wayo uJohn Parsons. U-Parsons wayenomdla kwiimvavanyo eziqhutywa kwi-servo mechanism Laboratory ye-MIT kwaye wacebisa ukuba i-MIT ibe yi-subcontractor yeprojekthi ngo-1949 ukubonelela ngobuchule kulawulo oluzenzekelayo. Kwiminyaka eyi-10 eyalandelayo, iMIT yafumana ulawulo lweprojekthi yonke, kuba umbono "wolawulo lwendlela ye-axis emithathu eqhubekayo" yelabhoratri ye-servo ithathe indawo yembono kaParsons yokuqala "yokusika kwindawo yokusika". Iingxaki zihlala zibumba itekhnoloji, kodwa eli bali likhethekileyo elibhalwe ngumbhali-mbali uDavid noble libe linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwimbali yetekhnoloji.
1952:I-MIT ibonise i-7-rail perforated belt system, eyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ibiza kakhulu (i-250 vacuum tubes, i-175 relays, kwiikhabhathi ezintlanu ezinobungakanani befriji).
Umatshini wokungqusha we-MIT wokuqala we-CNC ngo-1952 wawuyi-hydro Tel, inkampani yomatshini wokungqusha we-3-axis Cincinnati.
Kukho amanqaku asixhenxe malunga “nomatshini olawulayo, omele inguqu kwezenzululwazi nethekhnoloji eya kubumba ngokufanelekileyo ikamva loluntu” kwijenali “ulawulo oluzenzekelayo” lweScientific American ngoSeptemba, 1952.
1955:Ulawulo lwe-Concord (olwenziwa ngamalungu eqela lokuqala le-MIT) lenziwe lamanani, elathatha indawo yeteyiphu enemingxuma kumatshini we-MIT NC kunye nesifundi seteyiphu esiphuhliswa yi-GE.
Ukugcinwa kweteyiphu
1958:U-Parsons wafumana i-patent yase-US 2820187 kwaye wathengisa ilayisensi ekhethekileyo kwi-Bendix. I-IBM, i-Fujitsu kunye nombane jikelele zonke zifumene iilayisensi ezincinci emva kokuba ziqalise ukuphuhlisa oomatshini babo.
1958:I-MIT ipapashe ingxelo malunga noqoqosho lwe-NC, eyagqiba ukuba umatshini we-NC wangoku awuzange ulondoloze ixesha, kodwa udlulisele abasebenzi kwi-workshop yefektri kubantu abenza amabhanti aqholiweyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-19-2022